Antique US Junior Chamber of Commerce Jay-c-ettes Pin

International Business Publications, USA 9780739705650 United States Chambers of Commerce Directory Over 1000 largest chambers of commerce in 50 US States *Author: IBP USA *Binding Type: Paperback *Number of Pages: 400 *Publication Date: 2005/01/01 *Language: English *Dimensions: 11.00 x 8.25 x 0.82 inches SKU: UBM9780739705650 If you have any problem or issue with your order at any time, our customer service team will assist you and make sure that you are satisfied. Please contact us first - b

In exquisite relief, this butterfly clutch lapel pin of an image of the Our Lady of Cz&#281stochowa icon located within the Monastery of Jasna G&#243ra, is in an antique silver plated finish. Pin measures: 0.56" L x 0.81" H Package in a clear polybag. According to legend, the Black Madonna of Cz&#281stochowska icon was painted on a cypress table top from the home of the Holy Family by St. Luke the Evangelist. The painting depicts the Madonna in robes decorated in fleur de lys. The Jasna G&#243ra tells that in August of 1382, the picture was moved from Jerusalem to Cz&#281stochowa. During a Swedish invasion in the 17th century, the Black Madonna was credited with with saving the monastery of Jasna G&#243ra from being destroyed in a fire, but not before the flames darkened the skin tones of Mary and Jesus. Cut marks on the cheek of Mary are said to have happened when a Hussite robber slashed the painting with his sword inflicted two deep strikes. Upon attempting the third strike, he fell dead. Past attempts were made to repair the scars in vain, for they have always reappeared. As a result of these events, King Jan Kazimierz "crowned" the Black Madonna, Our Lady of Cz&#281stochowa, as Queen and Protector of Poland on April 1st, 1656 in the cathedral of Lw&#243w.

Local Business Voice provides the first scholarly and systematic history of the Chambers of Commerce from early historical origins in the eighteenth century up to the present date. Based on new archival information, it provides exhaustive coverage of all UK and Irish chambers, as well as detailed examination of early Chambers in the U.S., including New York, Charleston, and Boston, and early Chambers in Quebec and Jamaica.The book traces the importance of early tax protests and anger as motivating forces through interrelation with the American Revolution. It traces the emergence of service bundles, such commercial arbitration, coffee and reading rooms, and information and consultancy services as critical to the Chambers' unique market position. Some of the services had a unique status as trust goods, exploiting the chambers' USP as high status mutual non-profit organisations. It demonstrates the challenges for the Chambers as independent voluntary bodies in increasing partnerships with governments and competition with rival institutions, and also gives critical overview of key lobbies, such as over the Jay Treaty, tax expansion, the Corn Laws, tariff reform and free trade, municipal socialism, and modern regulatory burdens.There is also extensive analysis of chamber membership and motivation, tracking changes in structure by firm size, sector and corporate and management structures. The growth of small firm membership, and the value of business networks and (in the early chambers) religious adherence, are shown as key mediums for recruitment, and maintaining commitment.A definitive account of all local chambers including data appendices and detailed assessment of their significance, the book will be an enduring resource and foundation for research into the Chambers of Commerce's origins, historical development, and modern position.

In exquisite relief, this butterfly clutch lapel pin of an image of the Our Lady of Cz&#281stochowa icon located within the Monastery of Jasna G&#243ra, is in an antique gold plated finish. Pin measures: 0.56" L x 0.81" H Package in a clear polybag. According to legend, the Black Madonna of Cz&#281stochowska icon was painted on a cypress table top from the home of the Holy Family by St. Luke the Evangelist. The painting depicts the Madonna in robes decorated in fleur de lys. The Jasna G&#243ra tells that in August of 1382, the picture was moved from Jerusalem to Cz&#281stochowa. During a Swedish invasion in the 17th century, the Black Madonna was credited with with saving the monastery of Jasna G&#243ra from being destroyed in a fire, but not before the flames darkened the skin tones of Mary and Jesus. Cut marks on the cheek of Mary are said to have happened when a Hussite robber slashed the painting with his sword inflicted two deep strikes. Upon attempting the third strike, he fell dead. Past attempts were made to repair the scars in vain, for they have always reappeared. As a result of these events, King Jan Kazimierz "crowned" the Black Madonna, Our Lady of Cz&#281stochowa, as Queen and Protector of Poland on April 1st, 1656 in the cathedral of Lw&#243w.